Gamma Rays are Part of the High-Energy Universe

Everyone has heard of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its a collection of all wavelengths and frequencies of light, from radio and microwave to ultraviolet and gamma. The light we see is called the visible part of the spectrum. The rest of the frequencies and waves are invisible to our eyes, but detectable using special instruments.   Gamma rays are the most energetic part of the spectrum. They have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies. These characteristics make them extremely hazardous to life, but they also tell astronomers a lot  about the objects that emit them in the universe. Gamma-rays do occur on Earth, created when cosmic rays hit our atmosphere and interact with the gas molecules. Theyre also a by-product of the decay of radioactive elements, particularly in nuclear explosions and in nuclear reactors. Gamma rays arent always a deadly threat: in medicine, theyre used to treat cancer (among other things). However, there are cosmic sources of these killer photons, and for the longest time, they remained a mystery to astronomers. They stayed that way until telescopes were built that could detect and study these high-energy emissions. Cosmic Sources of Gamma Rays Today, we know much more about this radiation and where it comes from in the universe. Astronomers detect these rays from extremely energetic activities and objects such as supernova explosions, neutron stars, and black hole interactions. These are difficult to study because of the high energies involved, they are sometimes very bright in visible light, and the fact that our atmosphere protects us from most gamma rays. To see these activities properly, astronomers send specialized  instruments to space, so they can see the gamma rays from high above Earths protective blanket of air. NASAs orbiting  Swift satellite and the Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope are among the instruments astronomers currently use to detect and study this radiation. Gamma-ray Bursts Over the past few decades, astronomers have detected extremely strong bursts of gamma rays from various points in the sky. By long, astronomers mean only a few seconds to a few minutes. However, their distances, ranging from millions to billions of light-years away, indicate that these objects and events must be very bright in order to be seen from across the universe.   The so-called gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic and brightest events ever recorded. They can send out prodigious amounts of energy in just a few seconds—more than the Sun will release throughout its entire existence. Until very recently, astronomers could only speculate about what caused such massive explosions. However, recent observations have helped them track down the sources of these events. For example, the Swift satellite detected a gamma-ray burst that came from the birth of a black hole that lay more than 12 billion light-years away from Earth. That is very early in the universes history.   There are shorter bursts, less than two seconds long, which were really a mystery for years. Eventually astronomers linked these events to activities called kilonovae, which occur when two neutron stars or a neutron star or a black hole merge together. At the moment of the merger, they give off short bursts of gamma-rays. They can also emit gravitational waves. The History of Gamma-ray Astronomy Gamma-ray astronomy had its start during the Cold War. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were first detected in the 1960s by the Vela fleet of satellites. At first, people were worried that they were signs of a nuclear attack. Over the next decades, astronomers began searching out the sources of these mysterious pinpoint explosions by searching for optical light (visible light) signals and in ultraviolet, x-ray, and signals. The launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in 1991 took the search for cosmic sources of gamma rays to new heights. Its observations showed that GRBs occur throughout the universe and not necessarily inside our own Milky Way Galaxy. Since that time, the BeppoSAX observatory, launched by the Italian Space Agency, as well as the High Energy Transient Explorer (launched by NASA) have been used to detect GRBs. The European Space Agencys INTEGRAL mission joined the hunt in 2002. More recently, the Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope has surveyed the sky and charted gamma-ray emitters.   The need for fast detection of GRBs is key to searching out the high-energy events that cause them. For one thing, the very short-burst events die out very quickly, making it difficult to figure out the source. X-satellites can pick up the hunt (since theres usually a related x-ray flare). To help astronomers quickly zero in on a GRB source, the Gamma Ray Bursts Coordinates Network immediately sends out notifications to scientists and institutions involved in studying these outbursts. That way, they can immediately plan follow-up observations using ground-based and space-based optical, radio and X-ray observatories. As astronomers study more of these outbursts, theyll gain a better understanding of the very energetic activities that cause them. The universe is filled with sources of GRBs, so what they learn will also tell us more about the high-energy cosmos.   Fast Facts Gamma rays are the most energetic type of radiation known. They are given off by very energetic objects and processes in the universe.  Gamma rays can also be created in the lab, and this type of radiation is used in some medical applications.Gamma-ray astronomy is done with orbiting satellites that can detect them without interference from Earths atmosphere.

Communication Skills Needed Throughout A Child s...

The main form of communication in society is spoken language, supported and enhanced by the delivery of gestures, facial expressions, body posture and movement (Fellowes Oakley, 2014, pp. 18-19). To be able to understand language a child will first need to understand speech. Both expressive and receptive oral language are important for communication skills needed throughout a child’s schooling (2014, p. 19). Children learn to copy and produce meaningful speech gradually and decode language used by people around them (2014, p. 20). Joining both- Semiotic systems are ways meanings are communicated between people, and both spoken and written language are part of one semiotic system (Anstey Bull, cited in Fellowes Oakley, 2014, p. 19). Written- Depending on the purpose and audience, written genres can be either expressive/imaginative or factual (Emmitt, 2010, p. 77). The expressive/imaginative genre delivers feelings in an imaginative way including journals, poetic-literacy and narratives (2010, p. 77). Factual types convey information through reports, descriptions and textbooks (2010, p. 77). Digital technologies are changing communication through written language with text messages, emails, Facebook and now Twitter which has a limited 140 characters per ‘tweet’ (2010, p. 77). Digital media are returning language to â€Å"conversational, interactive, here-and-now foundations† as well as using metaphors, concrete images in virtual worlds (Gee Hayes, 2011, p. 6).Show MoreRelatedEvery Child Across America Encounters Some Form Of Education1402 Words   |  6 PagesEvery child across America encounters some form of education and it is a major priority in society today. In order to receive a desired educati on, one attends an institution where skills and knowledge are gained to use and progress in future goals. 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Rewarding and Punishing the Same Behavior Free Essays

In this report, the reasons are explained with examples that lead managers of organization toward an unethical decision. People believe that deep unethicality distorts ethical decision making. But according to Ann Tenbrunsel and her colleague David Messick, the top level management of an organization often takes such unethical decisions out of thinking business purely rather than considering morality. We will write a custom essay sample on Rewarding and Punishing the Same Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now The phenomenon is named as â€Å"Ethical Fading†. Sometimes leader’s ill-conceived goals lead employees to involve in unethical activities. For example management wants employees to maximize sales rather than profit. As a result employees force customers to sell their product and sometimes they become ridiculous. Also sometimes they overcharge for the unexpected service which the customer doesn’t want actually. Leader’s setting goal should take the perspective of those whose behavior they are trying to influence and think through their potential responses. This will help head off unintended consequences and prevent employees from overlooking alternative goals. People ignore some information which can affect their interest can termed as motivated blindness. For example some rating agencies rate organizations positively since the agencies are paid by those organizations. So people fail to judge organizations due to due to serious violation of ethical practices by the agencies. Bazerman and Harvard Business School Professor Francesca Gino explored to a situation termed as slow emergence of unethical behavior. This slow poisoning is often overlooked by the management which led to ultimate failure to hold the objective of the organization. For this managers should be heightened alert for even trivial-seeming infractions and address them immediately. Another common practice in corporate world is to overvaluing outcomes. Like rewarding unethical decision for its good outcomes and punishing ethical decisions for bad outcomes is a recipe for disaster in the long run. Managers should beware this bias; examine the behaviors that drive good outcomes and reward quality decisions, not just results. Companies are trying to improve the ethicality of employees according to Bezerman and Tenbrunsel. But this ethical practice should not be forced. Management should create such environment or make structure where employees willingly accept ethical practices and work accordingly. Above all, a leader should should be concern about his own blind spots, which may permit or even encourage, the unethical behaviors that he is trying to extinguish. How to cite Rewarding and Punishing the Same Behavior, Papers

Product Market Strategy and Business Model

Question: Discuss about theProduct Market Strategy and Business Model. Answer: Introduction In the first part of this report, detailed examination is done on whether firms can ensure optimal profits in future when they offer differentiated products in varied market structures. Differentiation is said to occur when firms offer unique features in a product to their customers thus, cutting the intense competition. The advantages gained through product differentiation are briefly outlined reflecting firms capabilities in different market structures. Moreover, the firms capacity to vary the prices under monopolistic market is also highlighted through Chamberlins theory. In the next part, the grounds on which wage rate vary across or within the occupations and industries are discussed. Questions regarding the wage distribution within occupations and critical examination of the same are further demonstrated in this report. Carl Barsky and Martin Personick researches are been considered for determining the extent to which wages tend to vary across industries and occupation. Product Differentiation Maximizing Economic profits Of Firms Differentiation tends to enhance product attractiveness by highlighting its unique features in contrast to other competing products. The seller of the products, through the successful application of product differentiation, gains a competitive advantage. Profits eventually determine what market a firm should enter in and the type of products it needs to sell (Kaiser and Wright, 2006). Profit is gained when the firms total revenue exceeds the total costs of a given set of quantity. Thus, in order to maximise profits, firm needs to produce output where their marginal cost equals marginal revenue regardless of the market structure in which they operate. This condition determines the extent of profit maximisation regardless of the market structure in which a company currently operates. Profit maximising firms aspire to differentiate their products because it assists in earning greater profits. Differentiation has the ability to affect the performance of an organization by cutting direct competition, therefore, increasing its profits (Stieglitz and Heine, 2007). Product differentiation holds the capability to shift the supply or demand curve. So long as the customer perceives that there is a change in the product differentiating it on some or all aspects from the others, they are ready to pay extra for the unique features present in the goods. Price competition might not be easy in cases where market contains more operating firms. The price competition can be kerbed by offering differentiated products in the more concentrated market with few players (Conrad, 2005). Given the market demand, competitors are shielded in cases where products are differentiated. A downward sloping demand curve is observed when a company offers differentiated products. This is because even if the prices are charged above the prices of its competitors it does not lose all of its customers, as some of them are still willing to pay extra for the additional features of that, particularly differentiated product. The organisations that differentiate their goods in the market face a cumbersome process as the product choice has an ample effect on the revenues. Besides this, the level of product differentiation tends to intensify the rivalry among all market players. For instance, a novel firm enters into a perfectly competitive industry i.e., expanding for making more profits in a short run. In a perfectly competitive market, all goods are substitutes thus making product differentiation inconsistent with the conditions of perfect competition. Since in this market, the companies are selling close substitutes their demand curves are more elastic (Baker and Sinkula, 2005). As more organisations enter this market, it will cause an inward shift and an increase in elasticity because more close substitutes are available and lesser consumer demands are present for an individual firm. In a monopolistic competition, a company selects to maximise its output by ensuring profits in the long run. One of the essential traits of a monopolistic ally competitive market is that there are no substitutes available for a monopolised good therefore making product differentiation a key feature for such market. Herein, the products are featured with different characters from others making its categorization difficult, drawing lesser similarities with its competitors. Differentiation holds the potential to create some sense of value for the firms product by demonstrating unique features of the respective product (Zott and Amit, 2008). A deep intent of profit persists when a firm engages itself in product development as it herein differentiates themselves from a large segment of their competitors. RD expenditure in such market structure is limited because most companies are unable to obtain cheap funds for RD resulting in temporary financial profits. The below figure illustrates mo nopolistic product differentiation through the Sun Record Labels attempt at discovering and shaping new, different and exciting performers who could draw a following of loyal fans. Figure 1: Monopolistic Competition (Source: Zott and Amit, 2008) According to Edward Chamberlin (2013), the key element of monopolistic competition is that most firms are not just confined to price competition but they survive through non-price competition. This is possible through companies presenting a unique product or advantage, which give them a superseded control over the price (Zera, 2013). Through product differentiation, the firm gets to vary the prices over the long run. Lastly in an oligopoly market, product differentiation is not a compulsive feature but if an organisation has successfully been able to engage itself in product differentiation it can gain more market power by dominating at least a part of the industry (De Loecker, 2011). An impending advantage is foreseen for firms when they are able to facilitate demand through differentiation. Below is an example of product differentiation carried out by Apple and its economic profit before and after the differentiation. Figure 2: Product Differentiation under Oligopoly (Source: De Loecker, 2011) It has been seen through these results, which indicate that firms are having an upper hand by offering products that hold some unique features in them. The prices are lowered in presence of any market competitor but have minimal effect when the competitor is having a different product type (Stieglitz and Heine, 2007). Thus, it can be seen that differentiation is an ideal product choice of behaviour because the threat lying in the competition is lessened when the product offered by them is differentiated. Wage Rate Differential within occupations and industries Analysts have extensively researched the phenomenon of wage differential and determined a range of factors affecting wage rates. Factors like industry and the occupation, unionisation, ownership and size of the establishment, and geographic location have been analysed, as have individual features like the knowledge, performance, tenure, gender and skills of the employees. The majority of such research works have concentrated on pay disparities within establishments and occupations and have highlighted the influence that the above-mentioned elements had in clarifying the reason behind higher wages in some occupations as compared to others (Lane, Salmon and Spletzer, 2007). Wages may also dramatically differ within a single occupation. For instance, in 2004, in the USA, ten percent of computer programmers were paid $17.19 per hour, while the leading ten percent were paid $42.07 per hour. Questions concerning wage distribution within occupations, within companies, are appealing when seen alongside the setting of evolutions in worker wages during the past ten years. Certain employee compensation specialists have advocated that competitive pressures encouraged organisations to gradually shift to variable compensation plans, which involve variations in workers wages per annum or every salary period, based on company or employee performance. This concept is in contradiction to the conventional notion that workers get an hourly wage or a predetermined annual, monthly or weekly pay. The arrival of broad-banding culture in several organisations in the 1990s also suggests that wage was becoming more scattered over time. Broadband refers to the classification of job which describes the profiles more widely as compared to conventional job descriptions, usually by mixing previously different profiles into one category. Along with the wider job description is a broader gamut of compensations, which can be paid to the employees in broad-banded jobs (Sunday, and Pfuntner, 2008). A 1981 research by Carl Barsky and Martin Personick examined the degree to which pay rates differed within industries in 6 mining and 43 manufacturing sectors. The authors identified that industries varied noticeably in the degree of pay diffusion. It was also identified by them that the industries varied in what was the extent of the difference because of dissimilarities inside companies with dissimilarities across companies (Sunday and Pfuntner, 2008). Apparently, some occupations are higher paying than others. Doctors make more than professors, who make more than salespeople. The majority of such wage differentials are the outcomes of training and educational requirements, which is usually referred to as human capital. Another important factor which determines wages is the demand for labour, which is obtained from a product or service demand which the employee provides. If the person provides a good or service which is greatly desirable, then a greater wage will surmount for a given supply of employees who can perform that job (Audretsch and Siegfried, 2012). At times, ability makes a significant difference in wage potential which overshadows the variation in ability. Some jobs are high paying due to the nature of work involved which is not commonly desirable. They may be dirty or hazardous, or the employment may be seasonal and sporadic. For example, construction industry pays more than retail due to such compensating differentials, which are non-financial distinctions among jobs where lower or higher wages are paid due to the variations in the attractiveness of the job (Banerjee, 2005). Several occupations pay wages which are commensurate with performance, like managerial or sales occupations. The aim of this performance based pay is to lure the employees with the greatest marginal revenue productivity (Torpey, 2015). For any particular type of job, salaries are normally higher in one region/country than in others. Much of such variation is due to dissimilarities in the cost of living. Individuals may not be willing to surrender health insurance, pension plans or seniority at their current employment. Therefore, wage differentials in diverse regions may exist, even if individuals are aware that higher wages can be earned somewhere else. Local labour markets differ in wage levels, based on the industrial composition (Hickman, 2009). Communities in which a huge percentage of companies are in high-profit sectors are likely to be high paying communities and usually, have a greater cost of living. On the other hand, communities with a large number of companies in low-profit sectors are likely to have lower wage levels. At times, communities witness a short-term rise in wage levels due to increasing in demand of labour as compared to its supply (Cottrell and et al., 2009). When questioned, the majority of the companies answer that the main determinant of their wage level is the market rate. Nonetheless, there is normally a caveat to this, which is their statement whether it is affordable to us. Hence, it would appear that the wage rate of the company is determined by external forces but the reality of the companys financial standing may alter or override the carrying out of such desire. As reported, profitable companies tend to pay greater remuneration, whether their prosperity is based on management ability, technical efficiency, size, product market, or some other element. The situation of the automobile sector is an illustration of what can conjure when a sector which is immensely profitable becomes prey to bad times and its wage level must decrease too in order to sustain and survive (Lane, Salmon and Spletzer, 2007). Technological changes are also found to be positively correlated with industry wages and also with the ratio of earnings of the high ly educated relative to less educated employees. Conclusion It is well articulated from the first part of the report that organisations have a less negative impact when they differentiate their products. Through product, differentiation competitors are able to sustain their monopolistic prices assuring profits for the future. Sufficient claims are provided in the report to determine the optimal benefits of the product differentiations in a monopolistic market. Furthermore, the Chamberlins verdict indicates product differentiation has the power to influence the price under monopolistic competitive market. From the second part of the report, it can be concluded that the wages paid to workers greatly varies. Such wage differentials are mainly the outcomes of differences in the workers ability and the efforts put in by them for performing the job. Wage differentials also exist across occupations, due to disparities in the supply and demand of workers for a specific occupation or job. Such differences emanate mainly due to the differences in the level of training or education needed as well as in the desirability of the job. References Audretsch, B. D. and Siegfried, J. J., 2012. Empirical studies in industrial organization: Essays in Honor of Leonard W. Weiss. Springer Science Business Media. Baker, W.E. and Sinkula, J.M., 2005. Market orientation and the new product paradox.Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(6), pp.483-502. Banerjee, D., 2005. Globalisation, Industrial Restructuring and Labour Standards: Where India Meets the Global. SAGE. Conrad, K., 2005. Price competition and product differentiation when consumers care for the environment. Environmental and Resource Economics. 31(1), pp.1-19. Cottrell, F. A., Cockshott, P., Michaelson, J. G., Wright, P. I. and Yakovenko, V., 2009. Classical Econophysics. Routledge. De Loecker, J., 2011. Product differentiation, multiproduct firms, and estimating the impact of trade liberalization on productivity. Econometrica, 79(5), pp.1407-1451. Hickman, R. G., 2009. Leading Organizations: Perspectives of a New Era. SAGE. Kaiser, U. and Wright, J., 2006. Price structure in two-sided markets: Evidence from the magazine industry. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(1), pp.1-28. Lane, I. J., Salmon, A. L. and Spletzer, R. J., 2007. Establishing wage differentials.Monthly Labor Review, pp. 3-17. Stieglitz, N. and Heine, K., 2007. Innovations and the role of complementarities in a strategic theory of the firm.Strategic Management Journal, 28(1), pp.1-15. Sunday, K. and Pfuntner, J., 2008. How widely do wages vary within jobs in the same establishment. Monthly Labor Review. Torpey, E., 2015. Same occupation, different pay: How wages vary. [Online]. Available through: https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm. [Accessed on 30th August 2016]. Zera. 2013. Edward Chamberlin Product Differentiation, Chamberlin Economics. [Online]. Available through: https://www.economictheories.org/2008/09/edward-chamberlin-product.html. [Accessed on 31st August 2016]. Zott, C. and Amit, R., 2008. The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance. Strategic management journal, 29(1), pp.1-26.

Animal rights essays

Animal rights essays Many humans use animals for testing each year. Animal testing is when the animals are put through something or injected to see how they react to what medical research they have been used for. There are three very important reasons why animals should not be used for testing harmful or dangerous materials. One of these is that testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. The second reason is that animals have rights and animals can feel pleasure and pain just as humans do. The third reason is that testing is cruel and unusual. Another reason is that animal testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. Testing on animals for the cosmetic industry is not necessary because they have many other ways to find out if it harms the human race. The testing that goes on is harmful to the animals and can cause serious side effects. The cosmetic companies hold down bunnies in vices and spray the cosmetics into their eyes to see if it causes them redness, stinging, or even blindness. They also have baboons strapped down with their heads in vices to do certain tests on them. Animals are also used by pharmaceutical companies to produce drugs and health supplements. They estimate that 17 to 22 million animals are used each year for medical research, and these estimates do not include rats, mice, fish, and farm animals. That means that 90% of all research animals are not included in the statistics. Too many animals are being tested and they do not even need to use the animals for these tests. They ca n use computer software materials and get the same results. One more point is that animals do have rights. The activists of the animal rights movements do not claim that animals are the moral equivalent of humans, just that their feelings deserve some consideration. Animals are just as alive as we are and they follow the course as we do, they find food, they produce offspring, they overcome challenges, theref ...

Free Essays on Interference And Short Term Memory

Running Head: INTERFERENCE and SHORT-TERM MEMORY The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory Abstract The present study examined the effects of short-term memory forgetting under the delay of a distracting task. Eleven subjects were asked to remember three consonants while counting backwards by 3’s for varying amounts of time (3-, 9-, 18-sec). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data and post hocs were done to measure the differences between the levels. The results showed that the retention of the consonants depended on the retention interval, with good performance over short intervals and poor performance after intervals that just 18-sec. in duration. The implications of these findings are discussed. The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory We encounter a great deal of new information in our daily lives. The particular way in which we think about new information affect the ease with which we learn it and the likelihood we can remember it later on. Memory is said to be the primary aspect of cognitive processes. Generally cognitive psychologists divide memory into three stores: sensory store, short-term store, and long-term store. The sensory store is the component of memory that holds the information that has been received in its original unencoded form. Everything that the body is capable of seeing, hearing, or otherwise sensing is stored in the sensory memory. The sensory store has a large capacity but can only hold the information for a short period of time with visual information lasting less than a second, and auditory information lasting two to three seconds. Short-term memory, sometimes known as working memory is the component of memory where new information is held while it is mentally processed. S! hort-term memory is also the component of memory where much of our thinking, or information processing occurs; it is a temporary holding bin for new infor... Free Essays on Interference And Short Term Memory Free Essays on Interference And Short Term Memory Running Head: INTERFERENCE and SHORT-TERM MEMORY The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory Abstract The present study examined the effects of short-term memory forgetting under the delay of a distracting task. Eleven subjects were asked to remember three consonants while counting backwards by 3’s for varying amounts of time (3-, 9-, 18-sec). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data and post hocs were done to measure the differences between the levels. The results showed that the retention of the consonants depended on the retention interval, with good performance over short intervals and poor performance after intervals that just 18-sec. in duration. The implications of these findings are discussed. The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory We encounter a great deal of new information in our daily lives. The particular way in which we think about new information affect the ease with which we learn it and the likelihood we can remember it later on. Memory is said to be the primary aspect of cognitive processes. Generally cognitive psychologists divide memory into three stores: sensory store, short-term store, and long-term store. The sensory store is the component of memory that holds the information that has been received in its original unencoded form. Everything that the body is capable of seeing, hearing, or otherwise sensing is stored in the sensory memory. The sensory store has a large capacity but can only hold the information for a short period of time with visual information lasting less than a second, and auditory information lasting two to three seconds. Short-term memory, sometimes known as working memory is the component of memory where new information is held while it is mentally processed. S! hort-term memory is also the component of memory where much of our thinking, or information processing occurs; it is a temporary holding bin for new infor...

Analyzing Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Risk - Assignment Example Serious fluctuations in the exchange rates may raise expenses, diminish profit and hinder smooth financial planning (Holland, 2006). Brazil is one of the emerging markets thus making its currencies to be more sensitive to the market. Brazil has had an independent floating exchange rate hence making the country’s currency volatile. Inflation, liability component and credibility have been the major sources of exchange risk in Brazil thus making the exchange rate volatility higher in the country (Country Risk Analysis Brazil, 2014). Some other challenges that Brazil faces in with their foreign exchange risk are the fact that their import tends to grow faster than the export. This mostly originates from their large hydrocarbon import compared to their exports (Holland, 2006). However, exchange rate risk may not be a major threat in Brazil because of the recent positive developments. The good news is that Brazil’s economy has shown positive growth in the recent past. The Brazilian government has ensured that domestic inflation is decelerated and that interest rates are controlled (Country Risk Analysis Brazil, 2014). These measures have, to a certain extent, led to a stable currency. Foreign exchange risk may make running the new facility expensive hence hindering its success. Brazil is one of the greatest economies in the world. It is the 6th largest economy globally, with a growing active population and resistance to external shocks. However, the country faces many risks as a country including corruption, inefficient public expenditure, high cost of production and incomplete educational system. In 2014, economic growth was not at its best because of decline in household consumption and a high cost of production that affected industrial growth (Country Risk Analysis Brazil, 2014). There is insufficient rainfall experienced in Brazil that has also

Community Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Risk Assessment - Assignment Example Implementation phase starts with the introductory meeting with the community leaders to discuss community problems. Then, information and data gathering follows. The researcher will explain the relationship of poverty, unemployment, and alcohol and substance abuse to criminal activity. The last step focuses on how the community uses the given information and decreases criminal activity.Evaluation PhaseThe decreasing risk of criminal activity in Chattanooga can be evaluated by the use of statistics or survey. Because poverty, unemployment, substance abuse and alcoholism are a long-term project, evaluation should take place from the period of 6 months to 1 year.Prognosis  Public policy and civic initiatives have reduced criminal activity related to substance abuse and alcoholism and was proven successful(McGinnis, Russo and Knickman, 2002, p. 84).The Healthy People Initiative also has broadened the functional status and quality of life, as well as the initiative in reducing health ca re disparities. However, the success of eradicating poverty and unemployment is still undetermined as cost-effectiveness or funding is was not clear and interventions are complex (McGinnis, Russo and Knickman, 2002, p. 86).Decreasing the risk for criminal activity requires funding from the local government. Acute care settings and rehabilitation settings will also aid in reducing risk for criminal activity. Among the other bodies that could help in decreasing the risk for criminal activity are the government, educators.... Healthy 2020 Objective aims to reduce the number of deaths attributable to alcoholism and substance abuse by 71, 681 deaths. A. Measures, Resources, and Personnel Eradicate, if not, minimize the risk of the community from criminal activity by addressing the problems related to poverty, unemployment, and drug and alcohol abuse. Poverty and unemployment can be accomplished through government and non-government programs while drug and alcohol abuse can be accomplished with the department of health, rehabilitation centers of the community, health-allied professionals, and cooperation from family and affected individuals. In general, decreasing the risk for criminal activity is a partnership between the law enforcement agencies, municipalities, communities, and NGOs. B. Role of Community Members The community member has a significant role in decreasing criminal activity of a community by participating in neighborhood-watch groups that provide information and support to the victims, patrol s the area, and deters subsequent criminal activity. C. Role of the Nurse The nurse primary role is early recognition of alcohol and drug problems through a thorough assessment. Further crimes can be prevented if the nurse recognize the risk factor early and suggest a possible treatment for patient, family, and authority. D. Role of the Others Among the other bodies that could help in decreasing the risk for criminal activity are the government, educators, health professionals, and family support system. The government is responsible for strict implementation of circulating policy, the health professions and educators for disseminating information and help centers, and the family for supporting and encouraging affected individual to seek

Why impacts of HRM are important on company growth Essay

Why impacts of HRM are important on company growth - Essay Example It includes activities related to staffing, training and development, performance review and evaluation as well as compensation,† (Jackson et al 2001:242). It can be noted that people are the most important resource in the production of goods and services and are capable of setting pace of company growth or otherwise. The human resource approach is more ideal as far as company growth is concerned. This is a twofold approach through which the organisation benefits in two ways where it seeks to increase its effectiveness as well as increasing the satisfaction of the workers. This approach posits that, rather than addressing organisational goals and employee needs as separate and exclusive, these are mutual and compatible: one set need not be gained at the expense of the other (Carell et al 1995). As noted already, the human resource is the major driver of the organisation and its development hence measures should be put in place that are meant to ensure that the need for the organisation to achieve its goals as well as satisfying the needs of the employees are balanced which can be a long term guarantee of organisational growth. Against this background, the study seeks to investigate why impacts of HRM are important on company growth. To a greater degree, the effectiveness of an organisation depends on the effectiveness of its employees. Thus, the main objective of this study is to investigate why the HRM function is pivotal in the effectiveness of the organisation. The hypothesis is meant to test the assertion that HRM is important on company growth. This will further investigate how company growth can be directly influenced by the performance of the human resource. Recruitment can be loosely defined as a process used by companies to select appropriate job candidates to fill vacant positions (Pfeffer 1989). Thus, recruitment efforts seek to fulfill the needs of both the applicant as well as those of the

Inpatient Falls In The Elderly Health And Social Care Essay

Inpatient Falls In The Elderly Health And Social Care Essay As in common with other European countries, the population of 65 years and above in the UK is predicted to increase from 16% in 2008 to 23% by 2033 .(Statistics, 2009)With the increasing population of elderly people, falls has become a major public health problem .(Masud and Morris, 2001). Falls and its related injuries can result in considerable negative effects for example mortality, morbidity and suffering physical and mental stress for older people and social and financial burden their family.(Skelton and Todd, 2004). Falls can also increase health care costs for hospitals and social services. In 2004-05, 60% of all cases from hospitals related to falls in the UK(Oliver.D et al., 2007). Approximately 30% of people aged over 65 years (Skelton and Todd, 2004)and 50% of people over 80 years(INSTITUTE, 1998) suffer at least one fall per year. Among them, 30% of elderly falls result in physical injury with 4% to 5 % having serious injuries(Nakai et al., 2006). Moreover, falls are the commonest cause of injury-related death in people over 75 years.(Masud and Morris, 2001). Inpatient falls Interestingly, falling rates vary across different settings(Sherrington.C et al., 2001). The incidence of elderly patients falling is almost 3 times higher in hospital and health care institutions than in those living in the community(American Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls, 2001).According to hospital statistics, inpatient falls are the commonest adverse events in hospital reports(Terrell et al., 2009). In the UK, 98% of NHS organisations providing inpatient care reported over 200,000 falls during a year period from September 2005 to August 2006. There are approximately 4.8 falls for every 1000 bed days.(Vass.C et al., 2009) 50% of elderly patient falls occur at the bedside(INSTITUTE, 1998) .There are many intrinsic factors attributed to inpatient falls such as patients age, level of orientation, underlying disease, drug history, gait and stability, bowel and bladder problems. Extrinsic factors can also affect inpatient falls for example- hospital equipment, patients room lighting and level of staff provided etc.(Tzeng et al., 2008) Elderly in-patient falls in hospital affect both patients and health service organisations. Patients can suffer serious injuries including fractures, subdural haematoma , excessive bleeding and even death(Hitcho et al., 2004). Falls can also have psychological consequences such as fear of falling, and loss of confidence that can result in poor quality of life(Gillespie. LD et al., 2009). Falls can be costly to health sector organisations and in 1999, cost  £ 981 million in NHS and Personal Social Services (Skelton and Todd, 2004). Thus, prevention of falls in the hospital setting is a major public health issue concerning patient safety, quality and cost-effectiveness of health sectors(Nakai et al., 2006, Hitcho et al., 2004). Falls and their related injuries are complex and falling is a multifactorial phenomenon (Sherrington.C et al., 2001). .It is needed to understand more about the important risk factors of inpatient falls and see if they can be managed better on the ward. Previous researches also suggested to identify those who are at risk of falling in hospitals. Aim of the study to describe the pattern of falls among the inpatients in the Elderly wards of Nottingham University Hospital, NHS trust Objectives of the study to describe the demographic characteristics of inpatients who fall to identify the time and location of the inpatient fall to describe the nature of injury due to fall to specifically examine the movement of patients who fell (two hours before and after the incident) to identify the level of staffing at the time of when the inpatient fall occurred Methods The Data set The REFINE study is a randomised control trial which aims to reduce inpatient fall successfully and cost-effectively by using pressure sensor-pager technology. This detects pressure changes when the patient moves from the bed or bedside chair and then activates an alarm to a handled pager carried by nursing staff. Patients from five acute elderly wards in Nottingham University Hospital, NHS Trust are eligible for this study. Patients are randomised to pressure sensors or to usual care (i.e no alarm). Patients who are randomised to the intervention arm receive bedside chair and bed pressure sensors for the duration of their hospital stay. Patients who are permanently bed bound before admission, unconscious or receiving terminal care or previously participated in the study in an earlier admission are excluded from the study. This trial commenced in November 2008. From this time onwards, approximately 44 cases of inpatient falls has occurred among both arms of the study. Baseline data is collected by face to face interview or from patients medical and nursing notes and /or carer . These data involve demographic and residential details, reasons for admission, time of admission ,previous history of fall and fracture, mobility and transfer before the illness(measured by the Barthel ADL index), 30 point Mini Mental Stare examination and Health related quality of life measured using the EuroQol EQ -5D. Study population The cases of inpatient falls from the intervention arm which have already been documented in the REFINE trial from the time of commencement to January 2010 will be the study population of this study. Method 1 : For the objective 1 Demographic data of the particular fall patient including- age, sex, previous medical history, previous history of fall, reason for admission an residential detail will be used from baseline data recorded in the REFINE trial. Method 2 : For the objective 2 Time of the inpatient fall is recorded by the pressure sensor output. Both time and location of the inpatient fall are noted down in the patient safety incident form by the nurse. The author will use these incident forms of REFINE dataset to identify this. Method 3 : For the objective 3 The nature of injury due to fall in this study will be classified into abrasion, bruise, swelling, cut, laceration, dislocation, fracture or muscle sprain or strain. This information is also recorded in the patient incident form where the author will collect. Method 4 : For the objective 4 The frequency of position changes of the patients who fell including off and on the bed and bedside chair will be examined from 2 hours before and 2 hours after the fall. The sensor output will be used to obtain these data. Method 5 : For the objective 5 Number and skill mix of ward staff at the time of occurrence of the inpatient fall will be described by using the duty roster of staff. Analysis All analyses will be performed using SPSS version 16.0.Descriptive analysis will be conducted first to explore the characteristics of the study participants. Mean, standard deviation or median and IQ ranges will be used to summarise the continuous data such as age and time when fall happened. Binary variables such as sex will be summarised by proportion or percentage. Residential detail will be categorised into three groups as follows- home, nursing institutions and transfer from other wards such as surgical wards and then will be summarised by percent. Approximations of the risk of fall with P-value, Chi-square and Chi-square test for trends will be calculated among categorical variables such as sex, residential details. Fisher exact test will be used when Chi-square test is not appropriate Ethics Written, informed consent has already been obtained from the patients, or from ward staff if the patients were unable to understand the nature of consenting to research. The REFINE study was approved by Nottingham Research Ethics Committee 1 on 23rd May 2008. Time Table 21st January Peer review of the project 9th February Final protocol completed.(Landmark 2) From Landmark 2 to mid April Activity Initial Descriptive and simple analysis of data and writing literature review Output- Draft Literature review to supervisors From mid April to June 3rd Activity further analysis of dataset Output- Initial result of data analysis and poster/presentation of the project conference on 3rd June From 4th June to the end of June Activity write methods and result section , consider study findings, implications, weakness and strengths Output- First draft of method and result section to supervisors From 1st July to mid July Activity write the discussion Output- first draft of complete dissertation to supervisors From mid July to 16th August Activity Improving draft with support from supervisor Output final dissertation completed.

Weight Loss and a Well Balanced Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Ex

Weight Loss and a Well Balanced Diet When choosing a diet, more than just weight loss should be considered. In addition, other health factors should be looked at as well. The Atkins diet, being a low carbohydrate diet, does not take into account factors other than weight loss and puts participating subjects at risk for long and short-term health problems. In contrast, the most healthy and effective way of losing weight is to reduce fat and simple carbohydrate intake. Instead, a healthful diet should consist of complex carbohydrates, and good proteins, to include fruits, whole grains, vegetables, and legumes. By eating these foods that are low in fat and simple carbohydrates, weight loss, healthy circulation, and overall health can be achieved. Diets consisting of a balance between complex carbohydrates and good proteins bring the best results in weight loss, despite a slower result than low carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins diet. Weight loss is accomplished by burning more calories than one consumes. With regards to calories, there are two approaches between the two diets being examined that lead to weight loss. The logic behind the Atkins diet is that by eating fewer carbohydrates, insulin levels remain at a steadier degree and cravings are subsided, thereby causing people to consume fewer calories and in turn lose weight. Despite the loss in weight however, the substitutes for these simple carbohydrates recommended by the Atkins diet are high fat, high protein foods such as butter, cheese, and meats. These foods although when eaten exclusively can lead to weight loss, there are other health problems associated with this method of dieting. An alternative to substituting simple carbohydrates with high ... ... foods are encouraged. In addition to these very serious, life-threatening diseases, a study, funded by the Atkins Center for Complimentary Medicine was conducted that showed constipation in 70% of the people on the Atkins diet, headaches in 54%, and hair loss in 10% of the subjects. These health problems are due to the lack of nutrients and balance in the Atkins diet. In contrast, a diet low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates provides fiber to help with healthy digestion, and other nutrients to promote healthy growth in all areas. There is more to dieting than losing weight. Diets such as the Atkins diet that is high in fat and protein may drop poundage, but ultimately lessen one’s health. Whereas by practicing a low fat, high complex carbohydrate diet, more balance is achieved nutritionally, which leads to long-term health advantages.