Animal rights essays

Animal rights essays Many humans use animals for testing each year. Animal testing is when the animals are put through something or injected to see how they react to what medical research they have been used for. There are three very important reasons why animals should not be used for testing harmful or dangerous materials. One of these is that testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. The second reason is that animals have rights and animals can feel pleasure and pain just as humans do. The third reason is that testing is cruel and unusual. Another reason is that animal testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. Testing on animals for the cosmetic industry is not necessary because they have many other ways to find out if it harms the human race. The testing that goes on is harmful to the animals and can cause serious side effects. The cosmetic companies hold down bunnies in vices and spray the cosmetics into their eyes to see if it causes them redness, stinging, or even blindness. They also have baboons strapped down with their heads in vices to do certain tests on them. Animals are also used by pharmaceutical companies to produce drugs and health supplements. They estimate that 17 to 22 million animals are used each year for medical research, and these estimates do not include rats, mice, fish, and farm animals. That means that 90% of all research animals are not included in the statistics. Too many animals are being tested and they do not even need to use the animals for these tests. They ca n use computer software materials and get the same results. One more point is that animals do have rights. The activists of the animal rights movements do not claim that animals are the moral equivalent of humans, just that their feelings deserve some consideration. Animals are just as alive as we are and they follow the course as we do, they find food, they produce offspring, they overcome challenges, theref ...

Free Essays on Interference And Short Term Memory

Running Head: INTERFERENCE and SHORT-TERM MEMORY The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory Abstract The present study examined the effects of short-term memory forgetting under the delay of a distracting task. Eleven subjects were asked to remember three consonants while counting backwards by 3’s for varying amounts of time (3-, 9-, 18-sec). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data and post hocs were done to measure the differences between the levels. The results showed that the retention of the consonants depended on the retention interval, with good performance over short intervals and poor performance after intervals that just 18-sec. in duration. The implications of these findings are discussed. The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory We encounter a great deal of new information in our daily lives. The particular way in which we think about new information affect the ease with which we learn it and the likelihood we can remember it later on. Memory is said to be the primary aspect of cognitive processes. Generally cognitive psychologists divide memory into three stores: sensory store, short-term store, and long-term store. The sensory store is the component of memory that holds the information that has been received in its original unencoded form. Everything that the body is capable of seeing, hearing, or otherwise sensing is stored in the sensory memory. The sensory store has a large capacity but can only hold the information for a short period of time with visual information lasting less than a second, and auditory information lasting two to three seconds. Short-term memory, sometimes known as working memory is the component of memory where new information is held while it is mentally processed. S! hort-term memory is also the component of memory where much of our thinking, or information processing occurs; it is a temporary holding bin for new infor... Free Essays on Interference And Short Term Memory Free Essays on Interference And Short Term Memory Running Head: INTERFERENCE and SHORT-TERM MEMORY The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory Abstract The present study examined the effects of short-term memory forgetting under the delay of a distracting task. Eleven subjects were asked to remember three consonants while counting backwards by 3’s for varying amounts of time (3-, 9-, 18-sec). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data and post hocs were done to measure the differences between the levels. The results showed that the retention of the consonants depended on the retention interval, with good performance over short intervals and poor performance after intervals that just 18-sec. in duration. The implications of these findings are discussed. The Effects of a Distracting Activity on Short-Term Memory We encounter a great deal of new information in our daily lives. The particular way in which we think about new information affect the ease with which we learn it and the likelihood we can remember it later on. Memory is said to be the primary aspect of cognitive processes. Generally cognitive psychologists divide memory into three stores: sensory store, short-term store, and long-term store. The sensory store is the component of memory that holds the information that has been received in its original unencoded form. Everything that the body is capable of seeing, hearing, or otherwise sensing is stored in the sensory memory. The sensory store has a large capacity but can only hold the information for a short period of time with visual information lasting less than a second, and auditory information lasting two to three seconds. Short-term memory, sometimes known as working memory is the component of memory where new information is held while it is mentally processed. S! hort-term memory is also the component of memory where much of our thinking, or information processing occurs; it is a temporary holding bin for new infor...

Analyzing Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Risk - Assignment Example Serious fluctuations in the exchange rates may raise expenses, diminish profit and hinder smooth financial planning (Holland, 2006). Brazil is one of the emerging markets thus making its currencies to be more sensitive to the market. Brazil has had an independent floating exchange rate hence making the country’s currency volatile. Inflation, liability component and credibility have been the major sources of exchange risk in Brazil thus making the exchange rate volatility higher in the country (Country Risk Analysis Brazil, 2014). Some other challenges that Brazil faces in with their foreign exchange risk are the fact that their import tends to grow faster than the export. This mostly originates from their large hydrocarbon import compared to their exports (Holland, 2006). However, exchange rate risk may not be a major threat in Brazil because of the recent positive developments. The good news is that Brazil’s economy has shown positive growth in the recent past. The Brazilian government has ensured that domestic inflation is decelerated and that interest rates are controlled (Country Risk Analysis Brazil, 2014). These measures have, to a certain extent, led to a stable currency. Foreign exchange risk may make running the new facility expensive hence hindering its success. Brazil is one of the greatest economies in the world. It is the 6th largest economy globally, with a growing active population and resistance to external shocks. However, the country faces many risks as a country including corruption, inefficient public expenditure, high cost of production and incomplete educational system. In 2014, economic growth was not at its best because of decline in household consumption and a high cost of production that affected industrial growth (Country Risk Analysis Brazil, 2014). There is insufficient rainfall experienced in Brazil that has also

Community Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Risk Assessment - Assignment Example Implementation phase starts with the introductory meeting with the community leaders to discuss community problems. Then, information and data gathering follows. The researcher will explain the relationship of poverty, unemployment, and alcohol and substance abuse to criminal activity. The last step focuses on how the community uses the given information and decreases criminal activity.Evaluation PhaseThe decreasing risk of criminal activity in Chattanooga can be evaluated by the use of statistics or survey. Because poverty, unemployment, substance abuse and alcoholism are a long-term project, evaluation should take place from the period of 6 months to 1 year.Prognosis  Public policy and civic initiatives have reduced criminal activity related to substance abuse and alcoholism and was proven successful(McGinnis, Russo and Knickman, 2002, p. 84).The Healthy People Initiative also has broadened the functional status and quality of life, as well as the initiative in reducing health ca re disparities. However, the success of eradicating poverty and unemployment is still undetermined as cost-effectiveness or funding is was not clear and interventions are complex (McGinnis, Russo and Knickman, 2002, p. 86).Decreasing the risk for criminal activity requires funding from the local government. Acute care settings and rehabilitation settings will also aid in reducing risk for criminal activity. Among the other bodies that could help in decreasing the risk for criminal activity are the government, educators.... Healthy 2020 Objective aims to reduce the number of deaths attributable to alcoholism and substance abuse by 71, 681 deaths. A. Measures, Resources, and Personnel Eradicate, if not, minimize the risk of the community from criminal activity by addressing the problems related to poverty, unemployment, and drug and alcohol abuse. Poverty and unemployment can be accomplished through government and non-government programs while drug and alcohol abuse can be accomplished with the department of health, rehabilitation centers of the community, health-allied professionals, and cooperation from family and affected individuals. In general, decreasing the risk for criminal activity is a partnership between the law enforcement agencies, municipalities, communities, and NGOs. B. Role of Community Members The community member has a significant role in decreasing criminal activity of a community by participating in neighborhood-watch groups that provide information and support to the victims, patrol s the area, and deters subsequent criminal activity. C. Role of the Nurse The nurse primary role is early recognition of alcohol and drug problems through a thorough assessment. Further crimes can be prevented if the nurse recognize the risk factor early and suggest a possible treatment for patient, family, and authority. D. Role of the Others Among the other bodies that could help in decreasing the risk for criminal activity are the government, educators, health professionals, and family support system. The government is responsible for strict implementation of circulating policy, the health professions and educators for disseminating information and help centers, and the family for supporting and encouraging affected individual to seek

Why impacts of HRM are important on company growth Essay

Why impacts of HRM are important on company growth - Essay Example It includes activities related to staffing, training and development, performance review and evaluation as well as compensation,† (Jackson et al 2001:242). It can be noted that people are the most important resource in the production of goods and services and are capable of setting pace of company growth or otherwise. The human resource approach is more ideal as far as company growth is concerned. This is a twofold approach through which the organisation benefits in two ways where it seeks to increase its effectiveness as well as increasing the satisfaction of the workers. This approach posits that, rather than addressing organisational goals and employee needs as separate and exclusive, these are mutual and compatible: one set need not be gained at the expense of the other (Carell et al 1995). As noted already, the human resource is the major driver of the organisation and its development hence measures should be put in place that are meant to ensure that the need for the organisation to achieve its goals as well as satisfying the needs of the employees are balanced which can be a long term guarantee of organisational growth. Against this background, the study seeks to investigate why impacts of HRM are important on company growth. To a greater degree, the effectiveness of an organisation depends on the effectiveness of its employees. Thus, the main objective of this study is to investigate why the HRM function is pivotal in the effectiveness of the organisation. The hypothesis is meant to test the assertion that HRM is important on company growth. This will further investigate how company growth can be directly influenced by the performance of the human resource. Recruitment can be loosely defined as a process used by companies to select appropriate job candidates to fill vacant positions (Pfeffer 1989). Thus, recruitment efforts seek to fulfill the needs of both the applicant as well as those of the

Inpatient Falls In The Elderly Health And Social Care Essay

Inpatient Falls In The Elderly Health And Social Care Essay As in common with other European countries, the population of 65 years and above in the UK is predicted to increase from 16% in 2008 to 23% by 2033 .(Statistics, 2009)With the increasing population of elderly people, falls has become a major public health problem .(Masud and Morris, 2001). Falls and its related injuries can result in considerable negative effects for example mortality, morbidity and suffering physical and mental stress for older people and social and financial burden their family.(Skelton and Todd, 2004). Falls can also increase health care costs for hospitals and social services. In 2004-05, 60% of all cases from hospitals related to falls in the UK(Oliver.D et al., 2007). Approximately 30% of people aged over 65 years (Skelton and Todd, 2004)and 50% of people over 80 years(INSTITUTE, 1998) suffer at least one fall per year. Among them, 30% of elderly falls result in physical injury with 4% to 5 % having serious injuries(Nakai et al., 2006). Moreover, falls are the commonest cause of injury-related death in people over 75 years.(Masud and Morris, 2001). Inpatient falls Interestingly, falling rates vary across different settings(Sherrington.C et al., 2001). The incidence of elderly patients falling is almost 3 times higher in hospital and health care institutions than in those living in the community(American Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls, 2001).According to hospital statistics, inpatient falls are the commonest adverse events in hospital reports(Terrell et al., 2009). In the UK, 98% of NHS organisations providing inpatient care reported over 200,000 falls during a year period from September 2005 to August 2006. There are approximately 4.8 falls for every 1000 bed days.(Vass.C et al., 2009) 50% of elderly patient falls occur at the bedside(INSTITUTE, 1998) .There are many intrinsic factors attributed to inpatient falls such as patients age, level of orientation, underlying disease, drug history, gait and stability, bowel and bladder problems. Extrinsic factors can also affect inpatient falls for example- hospital equipment, patients room lighting and level of staff provided etc.(Tzeng et al., 2008) Elderly in-patient falls in hospital affect both patients and health service organisations. Patients can suffer serious injuries including fractures, subdural haematoma , excessive bleeding and even death(Hitcho et al., 2004). Falls can also have psychological consequences such as fear of falling, and loss of confidence that can result in poor quality of life(Gillespie. LD et al., 2009). Falls can be costly to health sector organisations and in 1999, cost  £ 981 million in NHS and Personal Social Services (Skelton and Todd, 2004). Thus, prevention of falls in the hospital setting is a major public health issue concerning patient safety, quality and cost-effectiveness of health sectors(Nakai et al., 2006, Hitcho et al., 2004). Falls and their related injuries are complex and falling is a multifactorial phenomenon (Sherrington.C et al., 2001). .It is needed to understand more about the important risk factors of inpatient falls and see if they can be managed better on the ward. Previous researches also suggested to identify those who are at risk of falling in hospitals. Aim of the study to describe the pattern of falls among the inpatients in the Elderly wards of Nottingham University Hospital, NHS trust Objectives of the study to describe the demographic characteristics of inpatients who fall to identify the time and location of the inpatient fall to describe the nature of injury due to fall to specifically examine the movement of patients who fell (two hours before and after the incident) to identify the level of staffing at the time of when the inpatient fall occurred Methods The Data set The REFINE study is a randomised control trial which aims to reduce inpatient fall successfully and cost-effectively by using pressure sensor-pager technology. This detects pressure changes when the patient moves from the bed or bedside chair and then activates an alarm to a handled pager carried by nursing staff. Patients from five acute elderly wards in Nottingham University Hospital, NHS Trust are eligible for this study. Patients are randomised to pressure sensors or to usual care (i.e no alarm). Patients who are randomised to the intervention arm receive bedside chair and bed pressure sensors for the duration of their hospital stay. Patients who are permanently bed bound before admission, unconscious or receiving terminal care or previously participated in the study in an earlier admission are excluded from the study. This trial commenced in November 2008. From this time onwards, approximately 44 cases of inpatient falls has occurred among both arms of the study. Baseline data is collected by face to face interview or from patients medical and nursing notes and /or carer . These data involve demographic and residential details, reasons for admission, time of admission ,previous history of fall and fracture, mobility and transfer before the illness(measured by the Barthel ADL index), 30 point Mini Mental Stare examination and Health related quality of life measured using the EuroQol EQ -5D. Study population The cases of inpatient falls from the intervention arm which have already been documented in the REFINE trial from the time of commencement to January 2010 will be the study population of this study. Method 1 : For the objective 1 Demographic data of the particular fall patient including- age, sex, previous medical history, previous history of fall, reason for admission an residential detail will be used from baseline data recorded in the REFINE trial. Method 2 : For the objective 2 Time of the inpatient fall is recorded by the pressure sensor output. Both time and location of the inpatient fall are noted down in the patient safety incident form by the nurse. The author will use these incident forms of REFINE dataset to identify this. Method 3 : For the objective 3 The nature of injury due to fall in this study will be classified into abrasion, bruise, swelling, cut, laceration, dislocation, fracture or muscle sprain or strain. This information is also recorded in the patient incident form where the author will collect. Method 4 : For the objective 4 The frequency of position changes of the patients who fell including off and on the bed and bedside chair will be examined from 2 hours before and 2 hours after the fall. The sensor output will be used to obtain these data. Method 5 : For the objective 5 Number and skill mix of ward staff at the time of occurrence of the inpatient fall will be described by using the duty roster of staff. Analysis All analyses will be performed using SPSS version 16.0.Descriptive analysis will be conducted first to explore the characteristics of the study participants. Mean, standard deviation or median and IQ ranges will be used to summarise the continuous data such as age and time when fall happened. Binary variables such as sex will be summarised by proportion or percentage. Residential detail will be categorised into three groups as follows- home, nursing institutions and transfer from other wards such as surgical wards and then will be summarised by percent. Approximations of the risk of fall with P-value, Chi-square and Chi-square test for trends will be calculated among categorical variables such as sex, residential details. Fisher exact test will be used when Chi-square test is not appropriate Ethics Written, informed consent has already been obtained from the patients, or from ward staff if the patients were unable to understand the nature of consenting to research. The REFINE study was approved by Nottingham Research Ethics Committee 1 on 23rd May 2008. Time Table 21st January Peer review of the project 9th February Final protocol completed.(Landmark 2) From Landmark 2 to mid April Activity Initial Descriptive and simple analysis of data and writing literature review Output- Draft Literature review to supervisors From mid April to June 3rd Activity further analysis of dataset Output- Initial result of data analysis and poster/presentation of the project conference on 3rd June From 4th June to the end of June Activity write methods and result section , consider study findings, implications, weakness and strengths Output- First draft of method and result section to supervisors From 1st July to mid July Activity write the discussion Output- first draft of complete dissertation to supervisors From mid July to 16th August Activity Improving draft with support from supervisor Output final dissertation completed.

Weight Loss and a Well Balanced Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Ex

Weight Loss and a Well Balanced Diet When choosing a diet, more than just weight loss should be considered. In addition, other health factors should be looked at as well. The Atkins diet, being a low carbohydrate diet, does not take into account factors other than weight loss and puts participating subjects at risk for long and short-term health problems. In contrast, the most healthy and effective way of losing weight is to reduce fat and simple carbohydrate intake. Instead, a healthful diet should consist of complex carbohydrates, and good proteins, to include fruits, whole grains, vegetables, and legumes. By eating these foods that are low in fat and simple carbohydrates, weight loss, healthy circulation, and overall health can be achieved. Diets consisting of a balance between complex carbohydrates and good proteins bring the best results in weight loss, despite a slower result than low carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins diet. Weight loss is accomplished by burning more calories than one consumes. With regards to calories, there are two approaches between the two diets being examined that lead to weight loss. The logic behind the Atkins diet is that by eating fewer carbohydrates, insulin levels remain at a steadier degree and cravings are subsided, thereby causing people to consume fewer calories and in turn lose weight. Despite the loss in weight however, the substitutes for these simple carbohydrates recommended by the Atkins diet are high fat, high protein foods such as butter, cheese, and meats. These foods although when eaten exclusively can lead to weight loss, there are other health problems associated with this method of dieting. An alternative to substituting simple carbohydrates with high ... ... foods are encouraged. In addition to these very serious, life-threatening diseases, a study, funded by the Atkins Center for Complimentary Medicine was conducted that showed constipation in 70% of the people on the Atkins diet, headaches in 54%, and hair loss in 10% of the subjects. These health problems are due to the lack of nutrients and balance in the Atkins diet. In contrast, a diet low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates provides fiber to help with healthy digestion, and other nutrients to promote healthy growth in all areas. There is more to dieting than losing weight. Diets such as the Atkins diet that is high in fat and protein may drop poundage, but ultimately lessen one’s health. Whereas by practicing a low fat, high complex carbohydrate diet, more balance is achieved nutritionally, which leads to long-term health advantages.